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Attention显存估计

简单的Attention函数

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import einops
class Attention(nn.Module):def __init__(self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0.):super().__init__()self.num_heads = num_headshead_dim = dim // num_headsself.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)def forward(self, x):B, L, C = x.shapeqkv = self.qkv(x)if ATTENTION_MODE == 'flash':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B H L D', K=3, H=self.num_heads).float()q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B H L Dx = torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v)x = einops.rearrange(x, 'B H L D -> B L (H D)')elif ATTENTION_MODE == 'xformers':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B L H D', K=3, H=self.num_heads)q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B L H Dx = xformers.ops.memory_efficient_attention(q, k, v)x = einops.rearrange(x, 'B L H D -> B L (H D)', H=self.num_heads)elif ATTENTION_MODE == 'math':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B H L D', K=3, H=self.num_heads)q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B H L Dattn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scaleattn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)attn = self.attn_drop(attn)x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, L, C)else:raise NotImplementedx = self.proj(x)x = self.proj_drop(x)return x
# 设置注意力模式
ATTENTION_MODE = 'math'
# 参数设置
B = 64  # batch size
L = 32  # sequence length
C = 512  # embedding dimension
H = 8  # number of heads
# 创建模型和输入张量
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
initial_memory_1 = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
attention = Attention(dim=C, num_heads=H).to(device)
x = torch.randn(B, L, C).to(device)
# 监控显存使用情况
torch.cuda.reset_peak_memory_stats(device)
initial_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
# 使用 autograd profiler 来记录显存使用情况
with torch.autograd.profiler.profile(profile_memory=True, record_shapes=True) as prof:output = attention(x)
# 计算显存占用ru
final_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
max_memory = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated(device)
# 打印结果
print(f"Initial Memory_1: {initial_memory_1 / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Initial Memory: {initial_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Final Memory: {final_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Max Memory: {max_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Activation Memory: {(final_memory - initial_memory) / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
# 打印详细的显存使用情况
print(prof.key_averages().table(sort_by="self_cuda_memory_usage", row_limit=10))

1 模型占用的显存

两个线性层，
一个是qkv 层
self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)
假定嵌入为C，则参数量为
C×(3×C)+(3×C)（偏置项）
一层是线性层
self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)
参数为
C×C+C（偏置项）
总共是$4\ast C^2+4\ast C$，需要乘以FP32的字节量即4
假定 C = 512，则为$(4\ast 512^2+4\ast 512)\ast 4/1024/1024=4MB$

2 前向过程产生的最大峰值

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import einops
class Attention(nn.Module):def __init__(self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0.):super().__init__()self.num_heads = num_headshead_dim = dim // num_headsself.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)def forward(self, x):B, L, C = x.shape# 记录显存使用print(f"Before qkv: {torch.cuda.memory_allocated() / 1024**2:.2f} MB")prev_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()qkv = self.qkv(x)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After qkv: {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryif ATTENTION_MODE == 'flash':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B H L D', K=3, H=self.num_heads).float()q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B H L Dcurrent_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After rearrange (flash): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryx = torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After scaled_dot_product_attention (flash): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryx = einops.rearrange(x, 'B H L D -> B L (H D)')current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After rearrange (flash): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryelif ATTENTION_MODE == 'xformers':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B L H D', K=3, H=self.num_heads)q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B L H Dcurrent_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After rearrange (xformers): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryx = xformers.ops.memory_efficient_attention(q, k, v)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After memory_efficient_attention (xformers): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryx = einops.rearrange(x, 'B L H D -> B L (H D)', H=self.num_heads)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After rearrange (xformers): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryelif ATTENTION_MODE == 'math':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B H L D', K=3, H=self.num_heads)q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B H L Dcurrent_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After rearrange (math): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryattn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scalecurrent_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After matmul (math): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryattn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After softmax (math): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryattn = self.attn_drop(attn)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After dropout (math): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryx = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, L, C)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After final matmul and reshape (math): {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryelse:raise NotImplementedprint(f"Before proj: {torch.cuda.memory_allocated() / 1024**2:.2f} MB")x = self.proj(x)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After proj: {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")prev_memory = current_memory  # 更新 prev_memoryprint(f"Before proj_drop: {torch.cuda.memory_allocated() / 1024**2:.2f} MB")x = self.proj_drop(x)current_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated()memory_change = (current_memory - prev_memory) / 1024**2print(f"After proj_drop: {current_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB, Change: {memory_change:.2f} MB")return x
# 设置注意力模式
ATTENTION_MODE = 'math'
# 参数设置
B = 64  # batch size
L = 32  # sequence length
C = 512  # embedding dimension
H = 8  # number of heads
# 创建模型和输入张量
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
initial_memory_1 = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
attention = Attention(dim=C, num_heads=H).to(device)
x = torch.randn(B, L, C).to(device)
# 监控显存使用情况
torch.cuda.reset_peak_memory_stats(device)
initial_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
# 前向传播
output = attention(x)
# 计算显存占用
final_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
max_memory = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated(device)
# 打印结果
print(f"Initial Memory_1: {initial_memory_1 / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Initial Memory: {initial_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Final Memory: {final_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Max Memory: {max_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Activation Memory: {(final_memory - initial_memory) / 1024**2:.2f} MB")

结果如下显示

Before qkv: 8.00 MB
After qkv: 21.00 MB, Change: 13.00 MB
After rearrange (math): 21.00 MB, Change: 0.00 MB
After matmul (math): 31.00 MB, Change: 10.00 MB
After softmax (math): 31.00 MB, Change: 0.00 MB
After dropout (math): 31.00 MB, Change: 0.00 MB
After final matmul and reshape (math): 39.00 MB, Change: 8.00 MB
Before proj: 39.00 MB
After proj: 43.00 MB, Change: 4.00 MB
Before proj_drop: 43.00 MB
After proj_drop: 43.00 MB, Change: 0.00 MB
Initial Memory_1: 0.00 MB
Initial Memory: 8.00 MB
Final Memory: 30.00 MB
Max Memory: 44.00 MB
Activation Memory: 22.00 MB

根据打印语句进行分析

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import einops
class Attention(nn.Module):def __init__(self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0.):super().__init__()self.num_heads = num_headshead_dim = dim // num_headsself.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)def forward(self, x):B, L, C = x.shapeqkv = self.qkv(x)  # qkv矩阵，此处增加BLC*3if ATTENTION_MODE == 'flash':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B H L D', K=3, H=self.num_heads).float() q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B H L D x = torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v)x = einops.rearrange(x, 'B H L D -> B L (H D)')elif ATTENTION_MODE == 'xformers':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B L H D', K=3, H=self.num_heads)q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B L H Dx = xformers.ops.memory_efficient_attention(q, k, v)x = einops.rearrange(x, 'B L H D -> B L (H D)', H=self.num_heads)elif ATTENTION_MODE == 'math':qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B H L D', K=3, H=self.num_heads) #不变q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # B H L D # 不变，索引只是切片的操作attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scale # 此处使用q和k，需要存储中间变量，因此产生 (B,H ,L D)*2的显存，存储结果，产生（B，H，L，L）的显存attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1) #显存不变attn = self.attn_drop(attn) #显存不变x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, L, C) # 使用到v，存储变量，产生(BHLD)的显存，存储结果，产生BLC的显存else:raise NotImplementedx = self.proj(x) # 产生BLC的显存x = self.proj_drop(x)#不变return x
# 设置注意力模式
ATTENTION_MODE = 'math'
# 参数设置
B = 64  # batch size
L = 32  # sequence length
C = 512  # embedding dimension
H = 8  # number of heads
# 创建模型和输入张量
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')
initial_memory_1 = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
attention = Attention(dim=C, num_heads=H).to(device)
x = torch.randn(B, L, C).to(device)
# 监控显存使用情况
torch.cuda.reset_peak_memory_stats(device)
initial_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
# 使用 autograd profiler 来记录显存使用情况
with torch.autograd.profiler.profile(profile_memory=True, record_shapes=True) as prof:output = attention(x)
# 计算显存占用ru
final_memory = torch.cuda.memory_allocated(device)
max_memory = torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated(device)
# 打印结果
print(f"Initial Memory_1: {initial_memory_1 / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Initial Memory: {initial_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Final Memory: {final_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Max Memory: {max_memory / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
print(f"Activation Memory: {(final_memory - initial_memory) / 1024**2:.2f} MB")
# 打印详细的显存使用情况
print(prof.key_averages().table(sort_by="self_cuda_memory_usage", row_limit=10))

因此，产生的总显存为
BLC*3(qkv) + BHLD*2(qk算点乘，属于中间变量)+BHLL(atten)+BHLD(v矩阵)+BLC(输出结果)+BLC(线性映射)=BLC*8+BHLL
和其余blog记录的差不多，只不过显存增加的时间点和之前想象的不同

线性层产生显存

1 x = self.proj(x) 产生显存的原因

在这里，self.proj(x) 是一个 线性投影 操作，通常是通过一个线性层（nn.Linear）实现的。这个操作会执行以下几步：

• 矩阵乘法：假设 self.proj 是一个线性层（如 nn.Linear），它会对输入 x 执行矩阵乘法，计算 x @ W^T + b，其中 W 是权重矩阵，b 是偏置。
• 新张量的分配：线性变换会生成一个新的张量，并且这个张量的形状通常会与输入 x 不同（例如，x 可能是 (B, L, D)，而输出 x 可能是 (B, L, D')）。这个新的张量需要分配新的内存，因此它会产生显存。

2 x = self.proj_drop(x) 不产生显存的原因

self.proj_drop 通常是一个 Dropout 操作。Dropout 是一种正则化技术，在训练时随机地丢弃一部分神经元，以防止过拟合。它不会创建新的张量，而是直接在原有的张量上进行操作。具体来说，Dropout 会在每次前向传播时，对输入张量的部分元素乘以零，但它 不会改变张量的形状或大小。

• 内存共享：Dropout 操作不会创建新的张量副本，而是就地修改原始张量。因此，显存消耗不会增加。它只是改变了张量的值（通过乘以0），但并不需要额外的内存。
• 不产生新张量：Dropout 仅仅是通过一个掩码（mask）将某些值屏蔽掉，操作是原地进行的，因此不需要为输出分配新的内存。

3 attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1) 和 attn = self.attn_drop(attn)

• Softmax 操作：attn.softmax(dim=-1) 是对 attn 张量沿着最后一个维度（通常是特征维度）进行 softmax 操作。这个操作是通过对原张量进行逐元素的数值变换（softmax 归一化）来完成的，但它 不需要额外的内存。实际上，它会直接在原始张量上进行操作，因此不会创建新的张量。
• Dropout 操作：self.attn_drop(attn) 也是一个类似的 dropout 操作，它对 attn 张量进行处理，但不会改变张量的形状。和前面的 proj_drop 一样，dropout 不需要新的内存，它只在原始张量上执行修改（通过将一些值置为零）

3 执行结束后保留的激活值

可以看到前向激活值峰值和执行完前向保留的激活值大小不同，上述例子中峰值为34MB，而执行完前向后保留的激活值为22MB
分析哪些释放、哪些保存，需要结合模型的网络结构
总结：保存与释放的变量对比

变量名称	状态	原因
**一层后产生的激活(qkv) **	保存	用于反向传播时计算 q, k, v 的梯度。
重排后的 q, k, v	释放	在计算 attn 和输出后不再需要。
第二层产生的激活( x)	保存	用于回传梯度到上一层。
最终输出张量 x	保存	作为前向传播的输出，供后续层使用或反向传播。
q @ k^T	保存	用于计算梯度（链式法则的一部分）。
所以为12+4+4+2 = 22MB

1 为什么存储attn q@ k^T

经过Softmax，所以需要存储，属于激活值中的一部分

2 为什么不存储分割后的qkv

属于中间变量，不需要存储

4 查看计算图

1 tensorboard查看计算图

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import einops
from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter
import osclass Attention(nn.Module):def __init__(self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0.):super().__init__()self.num_heads = num_headshead_dim = dim // num_headsself.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)def forward(self, x, writer=None, step=None):B, L, C = x.shapeqkv = self.qkv(x)qkv = einops.rearrange(qkv, 'B L (K H D) -> K B H L D', K=3, H=self.num_heads)q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scaleattn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)attn = self.attn_drop(attn)x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, L, C)x = self.proj(x)x = self.proj_drop(x)return x# 设置参数
B, L, C, H = 64, 32, 512, 8
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")# 确保路径存在
log_dir = "./tensorboard_writer"
if not os.path.exists(log_dir):os.makedirs(log_dir)# 初始化模型和输入张量
attention = Attention(dim=C, num_heads=H).to(device)
x = torch.randn(B, L, C).to(device)# 初始化 TensorBoard
writer = SummaryWriter(log_dir=log_dir)
print("TensorBoard writer initialized.")# 添加计算图和激活值
with torch.no_grad():writer.add_graph(attention, (x,))  # 修正计算图输入attention(x, writer=writer, step=0)  # 记录激活值# 确保数据写入文件
writer.flush()
writer.close()

运行

tensorboard --logdir=./tensorboard_writer --port=6007

查看计算图