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策略模式详解

一、模式定义

策略模式(Strategy Pattern)属于行为型模式，它定义了一系列算法，并将每个算法封装起来，使它们可以相互替换。

二、核心结构

1. 抽象策略接口

public interface Strategy {void executeAlgorithm();
}

2. 具体策略实现

public class ConcreteStrategyA implements Strategy {public void executeAlgorithm() {System.out.println("执行策略A的算法逻辑");// 具体算法实现...}
}public class ConcreteStrategyB implements Strategy {public void executeAlgorithm() {System.out.println("执行策略B的算法逻辑");// 具体算法实现...}
}

3. 上下文类

public class Context {private Strategy strategy;public Context(Strategy strategy) {this.strategy = strategy;}public void setStrategy(Strategy strategy) {this.strategy = strategy;}public void executeStrategy() {strategy.executeAlgorithm();}
}

三、完整示例：电商促销系统

1. 促销策略接口

public interface PromotionStrategy {double applyPromotion(double originalPrice);
}

2. 具体促销策略

// 无促销
public class NoPromotion implements PromotionStrategy {public double applyPromotion(double originalPrice) {return originalPrice;}
}// 折扣促销
public class DiscountPromotion implements PromotionStrategy {private double discountRate;public DiscountPromotion(double discountRate) {this.discountRate = discountRate;}public double applyPromotion(double originalPrice) {return originalPrice * discountRate;}
}// 满减促销
public class FullReductionPromotion implements PromotionStrategy {private double fullAmount;private double reductionAmount;public FullReductionPromotion(double fullAmount, double reductionAmount) {this.fullAmount = fullAmount;this.reductionAmount = reductionAmount;}public double applyPromotion(double originalPrice) {return originalPrice >= fullAmount ? originalPrice - reductionAmount : originalPrice;}
}

3. 订单类（上下文）

public class Order {private double amount;private PromotionStrategy promotionStrategy;public Order(double amount) {this.amount = amount;this.promotionStrategy = new NoPromotion();}public void setPromotionStrategy(PromotionStrategy strategy) {this.promotionStrategy = strategy;}public double calculateFinalPrice() {return promotionStrategy.applyPromotion(amount);}
}

4. 客户端使用

public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {Order order = new Order(1000);// 默认无促销System.out.println("原价: " + order.calculateFinalPrice());// 应用8折促销order.setPromotionStrategy(new DiscountPromotion(0.8));System.out.println("8折后: " + order.calculateFinalPrice());// 应用满1000减200order.setPromotionStrategy(new FullReductionPromotion(1000, 200));System.out.println("满减后: " + order.calculateFinalPrice());}
}

四、高级应用：策略工厂

1. 策略工厂类

public class PromotionStrategyFactory {private static Map<String, PromotionStrategy> strategies = new HashMap<>();static {strategies.put("NO_PROMOTION", new NoPromotion());strategies.put("DISCOUNT_8", new DiscountPromotion(0.8));strategies.put("FULL_1000_REDUCE_200", new FullReductionPromotion(1000, 200));}public static PromotionStrategy getStrategy(String strategyKey) {PromotionStrategy strategy = strategies.get(strategyKey);if(strategy == null) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("无效的策略类型");}return strategy;}
}

2. 改进的订单类

public class ImprovedOrder {private double amount;private PromotionStrategy promotionStrategy;public ImprovedOrder(double amount, String strategyKey) {this.amount = amount;this.promotionStrategy = PromotionStrategyFactory.getStrategy(strategyKey);}public double calculateFinalPrice() {return promotionStrategy.applyPromotion(amount);}
}

五、模式优势

1. 符合开闭原则：新增策略无需修改现有代码
2. 避免多重条件判断语句
3. 提高算法的复用性和灵活性
4. 算法可以自由切换

六、适用场景

1. 系统需要在多种算法间动态切换
2. 存在多个条件分支的复杂条件语句
3. 需要隔离算法实现细节
4. 算法需要自由组合的场景

七、注意事项

1. 客户端必须了解所有策略的区别
2. 会增加策略类的数量
3. 策略对象会增大系统开销
4. 适合算法经常变化的场景

八、与其他模式的关系

• 与状态模式：策略模式改变对象行为，状态模式改变对象状态
• 与工厂模式：常组合使用，策略工厂管理策略实例
• 与模板方法模式：都是封装算法，策略用组合，模板用继承

九、最佳实践

1. 将策略定义为轻量级的无状态对象
2. 使用枚举或工厂管理策略实例
3. 考虑使用Lambda表达式简化策略实现（Java8+）
4. 为策略接口提供合理的默认实现
5. 保持策略接口的简洁性

十、完整示例代码结构

src/
├── main/
│ ├── java/
│ │ ├── strategy/
│ │ │ ├── PromotionStrategy.java
│ │ │ ├── NoPromotion.java
│ │ │ ├── DiscountPromotion.java
│ │ │ ├── FullReductionPromotion.java
│ │ │ ├── PromotionStrategyFactory.java
│ │ │ ├── Order.java
│ │ │ └── Client.java