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Python+Requests 企业级接口测试入门

1、GET接口简单案例

在这里插入图片描述

我的答案：

import time
import requestsdef get_all_users():try:response = requests.get(url='https://reqres.in/api/users',        #接口地址timeout=10                                #超时时间)response.raise_for_status()                   #状态#return response.json()						#返回接口数据						# 返回带性能指标的数据data = response.json()                      #data获取接口数据data['metadata'] = {                        'response_time_ms': response.elapsed.total_seconds() * 1000,      #加了反应时间和状态码'status_code': response.status_code}return dataexcept Exception as e:print(f'异常问题包含：{str(e)}')if __name__ == "__main__":start_time = time.time()result = get_all_users()end_time = time.time()elapsed_time = end_time - start_timeprint(f'请求接口耗时：{elapsed_time:.2f}s')if result:print(f"API返回数据: {result}")print(f"服务端响应时间: {result['metadata']['response_time_ms']:.2f}ms")

老师点评：

做得好的地方

HTTPS加密：正确使用https协议
超时控制：设置了合理的10秒超时
异常处理：捕获了所有可能的异常（但建议细化异常类型，见改进建议）
JSON解析：使用.json()而非.text返回结构化数据
耗时统计：添加了性能监控逻辑（符合APM监控要求）

优化点

1. 异常处理精细化

except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as http_err:logging.error(f"HTTP错误: {http_err}")  # 比如403/404
except requests.exceptions.Timeout:logging.warning("请求超时，请检查网络或重试")
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:logging.critical(f"致命错误: {str(err)}")

2. 添加重试机制（生产环境必备）

from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
from urllib3.util.retry import Retrysession = requests.Session()
retries = Retry(total=3,  # 最大重试次数backoff_factor=1,  # 重试间隔(秒)status_forcelist=[500, 502, 503, 504]  # 遇到这些状态码才重试
)
session.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries))

3. 安全增强

response = requests.get(url='https://reqres.in/api/users',timeout=(3.05, 10),  # 分别设置连接/读取超时verify=True  # 生产环境必须验证SSL证书
)

4. 性能优化建议

# 在返回前添加响应时间记录（更专业的方式）
data = response.json()
data['response_time_ms'] = response.elapsed.total_seconds() * 1000
return data

📝 修改后的完整代码

import requests
import time
import logging
from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
from urllib3.util.retry import Retrylogging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)def get_all_users():session = requests.Session()# 配置自动重试retries = Retry(total=3,backoff_factor=1,status_forcelist=[500, 502, 503, 504])session.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries))try:response = session.get(url='https://reqres.in/api/users',timeout=(3.05, 10),  # (连接超时, 读取超时)verify=True)response.raise_for_status()# 返回带性能指标的数据data = response.json()data['metadata'] = {'response_time_ms': response.elapsed.total_seconds() * 1000,'status_code': response.status_code}return dataexcept requests.exceptions.HTTPError as http_err:logging.error(f"HTTP错误: {http_err}")except requests.exceptions.Timeout:logging.warning("请求超时，请检查网络或重试")except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:logging.critical(f"请求失败: {str(err)}")return Noneif __name__ == "__main__":start_time = time.time()result = get_all_users()elapsed_time = (time.time() - start_time) * 1000  # 转为毫秒if result:print(f"API返回数据: {result}")print(f"服务端响应时间: {result['metadata']['response_time_ms']:.2f}ms")print(f"总耗时: {elapsed_time:.2f}ms")

2、post接口简单案例

在这里插入图片描述

我的思路：

异常处理
换GET为post
post与GET不同的点，GET直接使用参数，如params={‘key’: f"{api_key}“,‘location’:f”{city}",‘language’:“zh-Hans”,‘unit’:‘c’},post用的是结构体把数据框起来，例如json=

{'product_ids':product_ids'address':address
}

还有headers

我的答案：

import hashlibimport requestsURL = "https://example.com/aip/login"
# 脚手架代码
def login(username, password):"""返回示例：{'token': 'abc123', 'user_id': 1001}"""encrypted_passwd = hashlib.md5(password.encode()).hexdigest()logindata={'usename' : username,'password' : encrypted_passwd}try:respone = requests.post(url=f"{URL}/login",json= logindata,)return respone.json()['token']except Exception as e:print("登录失败")def create_order(token, product_ids: list, address: dict):# 你的代码实现处try:headers = {'Authorization' : token,"Content-Type": "application/json"}data = {'product_ids':product_ids'address':address}response = requests.post(f"{URL}/orders",json=data,headers=headers)response.raise_for_status()return response.json()except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as httperr:print(f"接口报错：{httperr}")if {httperr} == 401:print("库存不足")except requests.exceptions.Timeout:print("请求超时")except requests.exceptions.RequestException as err:print(f"请求失败：{err}")if __name__ == "__main__":result = login("1001", "ShoIsRxywozHNaBz0")create_order(result,'[1,2,3]',"一串地址")

老师点评：

代码问题诊断

1. 基础语法错误

# 问题行（缺少逗号）
data = {'product_ids': product_ids  # 这里缺少逗号'address': address
}

2. 安全风险

# 明文打印敏感信息（token）
print(f"登录token: {result}")  # 实际代码中应避免

3. 逻辑缺陷

# 库存不足判断错误（{httperr}是对象不是状态码）
if {httperr} == 401:  # 错误写法
# 正确应该：
if response.status_code == 4001:

4. 类型不一致

# 参数类型声明为list但传入字符串
create_order(result, '[1,2,3]', ...)  # 应该是 [1,2,3]

🚀 优化后的企业级代码

python

复制

import hashlib
import requests
from typing import Dict, List, Optional
import logging# 配置日志
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)class OrderSystem:BASE_URL = "https://api.example.com"  # 建议用类变量管理URL@staticmethoddef _encrypt_password(password: str) -> str:"""密码加密处理（符合企业安全规范）"""return hashlib.md5(password.encode()).hexdigest()@staticmethoddef login(username: str, password: str) -> Optional[str]:"""安全登录实现"""try:response = requests.post(url=f"{OrderSystem.BASE_URL}/login",json={'username': username,  # 修正字段名usename -> username'password': OrderSystem._encrypt_password(password)},timeout=5,verify=True  # 生产环境必须开启SSL验证)response.raise_for_status()return response.json().get('token')except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:logging.error(f"登录失败 HTTP {e.response.status_code}")except Exception as e:logging.error(f"登录异常: {str(e)}")return None@staticmethoddef create_order(token: str, product_ids: List[int], address: Dict) -> Dict:"""创建订单（带完整异常处理和日志）"""try:response = requests.post(url=f"{OrderSystem.BASE_URL}/orders",headers={'Authorization': f"Bearer {token}",'Content-Type': 'application/json'},json={'product_ids': product_ids,'address': address},timeout=10)# 优先检查业务状态码（企业系统常见设计）if response.json().get('code') == 4001:logging.warning("库存不足")return {'status': 'failed', 'reason': 'out_of_stock'}response.raise_for_status()return response.json()except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:logging.error(f"订单创建失败: HTTP {e.response.status_code}")except Exception as e:logging.error(f"订单创建异常: {str(e)}")return {'status': 'error'}if __name__ == "__main__":# 测试用例token = OrderSystem.login("test_user", "mypassword123")if token:result = OrderSystem.create_order(token=token,product_ids=[1, 2, 3],  # 修正为正确list类型address={'city': '北京','street': '朝阳区某某路','postcode': '100000'})logging.info(f"订单创建结果: {result}")

✅ 企业级改进点

类型注解完善
- 所有方法添加了-> Optional[str]等返回类型声明
安全增强
- 密码加密独立成方法_encrypt_password
- 使用Bearer Token标准鉴权方式
日志标准化
- 使用logging模块分级记录（INFO/WARNING/ERROR）

业务状态码处理

python

复制

if response.json().get('code') == 4001:  # 优先检查业务自定义状态码

代码可测试性
- 将核心逻辑封装为静态方法，便于单元测试mock