1.抽象类处于自上往下的继承层次架构之中, 处在上层位置的类具备更强的通用性, 甚至有可能显得更为抽象。从特定的某种角度去看, 祖先类具有更高的通用性, 它仅仅涵盖一些最为基础的成员, 人们仅仅是把它当作派生其他类的基本类, 而并非用于创建对象。甚至, 你能够仅仅给出方法的定义却不加以实现, 让子类依据具体的需求去进行具体的实现。方法定义给出却不进行具体实现的这种方式叫做抽象方法, 抽象方法是不存在方法体的, 在代码的呈现里就是没有“{}”, 包含一个或者多个抽象方法的类也必然得声明为抽象类。使用 修饰符来表示抽象方法和抽象类。脱离抽象方法之外的抽象类, 能够容纳具体实例变量以及具体可运行方法被包含其中。即便类里不存在抽象方法这种情况, 它也可以被定义成抽象类, 进而避免被实例化这种状况发生。实例化不能针对抽象类进行, 子类之中必须要将抽象方法予以实现, 下面列出相关代码:1publicabstractclassAnimal {2voideat() {3System.out.println(动物爱吃饭);4}5//抽象方法在抽象类中只能声明不能具体实现6abstractvoidbreath();7voidsleep() {8System.out.println(动物在睡觉);9}10}1112publicclasstigerextendsAnimal {13Override14//在此处实现抽象方法15voidbreath() {16//TODO Auto-generated method stub17System.out.println(老虎在呼吸);18}19}2021publicclassDemo {22publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args) {23//错误程序会报错24//报错原因抽象类不能进行实例化操作25//Animal Tiger new Animal();2627//只能用子类进行实例化28Animal Tiger newtiger();29Tiger.breath();30Tiger.eat();31Tiger.sleep();32}33}运行结果抽象类特点1.抽象类中不一定含有抽象方法但抽象方法一定在抽象类中。2.抽象类不具备实际功能只能用于派生子类。3.存在这么一种情况, 抽象类里面能够含有构造函数, 然而构造函数是不可以被声明为抽象的。抽象类当中具有成员方法, 这些成员方法被划分成一般的方法以及抽象的方法。4.抽象方法和抽象类都必须被关键字修饰。5.无法用new创建对象的是抽象类并且在完成所有抽象方法的复写必须由子类来做只有这样才行建立子类对象调用这事才能实现。6.当抽象类里的抽象方法需被运用时, 得先让子类把所有的抽象方法都进行复写, 之后再建立起子类调用才行, 如果子类仅仅复写了一部分抽象方法, 那么这个子类依旧是一个抽象类。7.抽象方法必定得是或者鉴于要是为的话, 那就没办法被子类继承了, 如此一来子类就不能够实现这个方法。2.接口在抽象类里头, 能够含有一个或者多个抽象方法了然而在接口当中, 全部的方法想必都得是抽象的, 不能够有方法体, 它相较抽象类是更“抽象”的。声明会使用关键字借助接口进行, 接口能够被视作一种特殊的抽象类, 其可指定一个类应当完成什么, 并非规定该类怎样去完成。如今在实际情形里, 存在着数量众多的接口实例, 举例来讲, 像串口电脑硬盘这般的, ATA委员会曾指定了ATA 2.0规范, 而此类规范便是接口。ATA委员会并不承担生产硬盘的职责, 仅仅是对通常通用的规范予以指定。从事生产工作的希捷、日立、三星等厂家, 其所产出的硬盘是依据规范来塑造。这些合乎规范所制造的硬盘, 能够达成通用化的目标, 但这是有条件的, 即硬盘需符合接口的具体要求。倘若使用的是一块容量为160G由日立公司产出的串口硬盘, 而当下正处于打算升级的阶段, 那么此时可以去购置一块容量为320G的希捷串口硬盘, 将其于设备上完成安装操作之后, 便能够持续进行使用了, 不需要进行特殊的处理。下面的代码可以模拟 ATA委员会定义以下串口硬盘接口1//串行硬盘接口2publicinterfaceSataHdd {3//连接线的数量4publicstaticfinalintCONNECT_LINE4;5//写数据6publicvoidwriteData(String data);7//读数据8publicString readData();9}应当加以留意: 被声明于接口之中的那种成员变量, 其默认的状态都是属于final的, 是一定要进行显示的初始化这个操作的那么因此在常量进行声明的时候, 是能够省略掉这些修饰符的。接口是由若干常量以及抽象方法所构成的集合, 当前来看, 它与抽象类大致相同。的确是这样, 接口原本确实是从抽象类之中演变而来的, 所以, 除了有特别规定的情况之外接口能够享有跟类一样的“待遇”。譬如说, 在源程序里能够定义多个类或者接口, 然而至多仅仅能够有一个类或者接口, 要是存在这种情况, 那么源文件就必须采用跟那个类以及接口相同的名字。和类的继承格式相类似, 接口之间同样是可以进行继承的, 子接口能继承父接口里的常量以及抽象方法, 并且还能够增添新的抽象方法等等。但接口有其自身的一些特性归纳如下。1) 接口当中仅能够去定义抽象的方法, 这些方法默认是那种状态的, 所以在声明方法之际能够省略掉这些修饰符, 尝试在接口里定义实例变量、并非抽象的实例方法以及静态方法, 全都是不合法的, 比如://串行硬盘接口 public interface SataHdd { //连接线的数量 public static final int CONNECT_LINE4; //写数据 public static void writeData(String data); //编译出错接口中不能包含静态方法 //读数据 public String readData(){ return 数据; //编译出错接口中只能包含抽象方法 } }2) 接口中没有构造方法不能被实例化。3) 一个接口不会去实现另外一个接口, 然而却能够继承多个别的接口。接口具备的多继承特性弥补了类的单继承情况。比如://串行硬盘接口 public interface SataHdd extends A,B{ //连接线的数量 public static final int CONNECT_LINE4; //写数据 public void writeData(String data); //编译出错接口中不能包含静态方法 //读数据 public String readData(); }public interface A { public void a(); }public interface B { public void b(); }为什么使用接口在大型项目进行软件开发之际, 可能存在这样一种需求, 即要从一个继承序列的中间位置插入引入一个类别, 进而使得它的那些子类别能够拥有某些具体功能且不会对它们的父类别造成任何干扰。比如说存在A到B再到C接着到D最后到E这样一个继承等级顺序, 其中A作为祖先类别, 要是需要为C、D、E这几个类别增添某些共通的功能, 则最为简便的办法便是让C类别去继承另外一个范畴定义。然而问题随之出现了, Java作为具有单个继承特性的一种编程语言架构, 已经无法再让C去继承另外一个父类类型了, 只能将这个操作转移到继承链条的最顶端位置, 也就是让A再去继承一个基础性分类。如此这般, 针对于C类、D类以及E类所进行的修改, 使得整个继承链受到了影响, 构成了不具备可插入属性的设计。接口为可插入性的保障, 在继承链里的任意一个类, 能够实现一个接口, 该接口会对这个类的所有子类起作用, 却不会对这个类的任何父类产生影响, 这个类必须实现接口规定的方法, 子类能够从这个类自动继承这些方法, 在这种情况下, 这些子类具备了可插入性。我们所关注在意的, 并非是某一个特定的、具体的类, 而是在于, 这个类是不是达成了我们所需要的接口。软件系统规模越大, 其生命周期越长, 接口提供了关联, 还提供了方法调用上的可插入性, 让软件系统在灵活性、可扩展性以及可插入性方面得到保证。面向对象的Java程序设计里, 接口有着极其重要的地位。实际上, 设计阶段里, 最重要的任务当中, 有一项是设计出各部分的接口, 随后, 借助接口的组合, 从而形成程序的基本框架结构。接口的使用使用类的时候, 是直接运用new关键字去构建类的实例, 然而接口的使用却与之有别, 这是因为接口基于其自身特性, 是不得借助new关键字直构建实例的。必须经由类去实现接口的它的抽象方法, 之后再对类进行实例化。类实现接口用到了关键字为。要是有一个类, 没办法去实现该接口的全部抽象方法, 那么这个类就得被定义成抽象方法, 这样才行。不可以创建接口的示例, 然而却被允许去定义接口类型的引用变量, 这个变量指向了实现接口的类的实例。一个类只能继承一个父类但却可以实现多个接口。实现接口的格式如下修饰符 class 类名 父类 多个接口 {实现方法请看下面的例子//串行硬盘接口 public interface SataHdd{ //连接线的数量 public static final int CONNECT_LINE4; //写数据 public void writeData(String data); //编译出错接口中不能包含静态方法 //读数据 public String readData(); }public interface fixHdd { // 维修地址 String address 北京市海淀区; // 开始维修 boolean doFix(); }public class SeagateHdd implements SataHdd, fixHdd { Override public void writeData(String data) { System.out.println(写入成功); } Override public String readData() { return 数据; } Override public boolean doFix() { return true; } }public class SamsungHdd implements SataHdd { Override public void writeData(String data) { System.out.println(写入成功); } Override public String readData() { return 数据; } }public abstract class XXHdd implements SataHdd{ Override public String readData() { return 数据; } }public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { SataHdd sh1new SeagateHdd(); //初始化希捷硬盘 SataHdd sh2new SamsungHdd(); //初始化三星硬盘 } }接口作为类型使用将接口当作引用类型去使用, 任何对该接口予以实现的类的实例, 都能够被存储于该接口类型的变量当中, 借助这些变量能够去访问类里所实现的接口中的方法, Java运行时系统会以动态的方式来确定应当使用哪个类中的方法, 实际上就是调用相应的实现类的方法。示例如下public class B implements A { public int doSth() { System.out.println(now in B); return 123; } }public interface A { public int doSth(); }public class Demo { public void test1(A a) { a.doSth(); } public static void main(String[] args) { Demo d new Demo(); A a new B(); d.test1(a); } }运行结果接口能够当作一个类型去进行使用, 将其作为方法的参数, 还当成方法的返回类型, 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