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Elasticsearch使用示例

1. 基本操作示例

1.1 创建索引

# 创建索引
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/my_index" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"settings": {"number_of_shards": 3,"number_of_replicas": 1},"mappings": {"properties": {"title": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" },"content": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" },"author": { "type": "keyword" },"publish_date": { "type": "date" },"views": { "type": "long" }}}
}'

1.2 添加文档

# 添加单个文档
curl -X POST "localhost:9200/my_index/_doc" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"title": "Elasticsearch入门指南","content": "Elasticsearch是一个开源的分布式搜索和分析引擎...","author": "张三","publish_date": "2024-04-03","views": 100
}'# 批量添加文档
curl -X POST "localhost:9200/my_index/_bulk" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"index":{}}
{"title":"ES高级查询","content":"Elasticsearch提供了丰富的查询功能...","author":"李四","publish_date":"2024-04-02","views":50}
{"index":{}}
{"title":"ES性能优化","content":"如何优化Elasticsearch的性能...","author":"王五","publish_date":"2024-04-01","views":200}
'

1.3 查询文档

# 简单查询
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/my_index/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"match": {"title": "Elasticsearch"}}
}'# 复杂查询
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/my_index/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"must": [{ "match": { "title": "Elasticsearch" }},{ "range": { "views": { "gte": 100 }}}],"filter": [{ "term": { "author": "张三" }}]}},"sort": [{ "views": "desc" }],"from": 0,"size": 10
}'

1.4 更新文档

# 更新文档
curl -X POST "localhost:9200/my_index/_update/1" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"doc": {"views": 150}
}'

1.5 删除文档

# 删除单个文档
curl -X DELETE "localhost:9200/my_index/_doc/1"# 删除索引
curl -X DELETE "localhost:9200/my_index"

2. 高级查询示例

2.1 全文搜索

# 使用IK分词器进行中文搜索
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/my_index/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"match": {"content": {"query": "分布式搜索","analyzer": "ik_max_word"}}}
}'

2.2 聚合查询

# 按作者分组统计
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/my_index/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"aggs": {"group_by_author": {"terms": {"field": "author"},"aggs": {"total_views": {"sum": {"field": "views"}}}}}
}'

2.3 高亮显示

# 搜索结果高亮
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/my_index/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"match": {"content": "Elasticsearch"}},"highlight": {"fields": {"content": {}}}
}'

3. 实际应用场景示例

3.1 电商商品搜索

# 创建商品索引
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/products" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"mappings": {"properties": {"name": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" },"description": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" },"price": { "type": "double" },"category": { "type": "keyword" },"brand": { "type": "keyword" },"stock": { "type": "integer" },"sales": { "type": "long" },"create_time": { "type": "date" }}}
}'# 商品搜索
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/products/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"must": [{ "match": { "name": "手机" }},{ "range": { "price": { "gte": 1000, "lte": 5000 }}}],"filter": [{ "term": { "category": "电子产品" }}]}},"sort": [{ "sales": "desc" }]
}'

3.2 日志分析

# 创建日志索引
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/logs" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"mappings": {"properties": {"timestamp": { "type": "date" },"level": { "type": "keyword" },"message": { "type": "text" },"service": { "type": "keyword" },"host": { "type": "keyword" }}}
}'# 日志分析查询
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/logs/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"must": [{ "match": { "level": "ERROR" }},{ "range": { "timestamp": { "gte": "now-1d" }}}]}},"aggs": {"group_by_service": {"terms": {"field": "service"},"aggs": {"error_count": {"value_count": {"field": "level"}}}}}
}'

3.3 用户行为分析

# 创建用户行为索引
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/user_actions" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"mappings": {"properties": {"user_id": { "type": "keyword" },"action": { "type": "keyword" },"page": { "type": "keyword" },"timestamp": { "type": "date" },"duration": { "type": "long" }}}
}'# 用户行为分析
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/user_actions/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"range": {"timestamp": {"gte": "now-7d"}}},"aggs": {"popular_pages": {"terms": {"field": "page","size": 10},"aggs": {"avg_duration": {"avg": {"field": "duration"}}}}}
}'

4. 性能优化示例

4.1 索引优化

# 优化索引设置
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/my_index/_settings" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"index": {"refresh_interval": "30s","number_of_replicas": 1,"max_result_window": 10000}
}'

4.2 查询优化

# 使用过滤器缓存
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/my_index/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"filter": [{ "term": { "status": "active" }},{ "range": { "create_time": { "gte": "now-1d" }}}]}}
}'

5. 监控和维护示例

5.1 集群健康检查

# 检查集群健康状态
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_cluster/health?pretty"# 检查节点状态
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_cat/nodes?v"# 检查索引状态
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_cat/indices?v"

5.2 备份和恢复

# 创建快照仓库
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/_snapshot/my_backup" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"type": "fs","settings": {"location": "/path/to/backup"}
}'# 创建快照
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1?wait_for_completion=true"# 恢复快照
curl -X POST "localhost:9200/_snapshot/my_backup/snapshot_1/_restore?wait_for_completion=true"

6. 高级功能示例

6.1 地理位置搜索

# 创建包含地理位置的索引
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/restaurants" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"mappings": {"properties": {"name": { "type": "text" },"location": { "type": "geo_point" },"cuisine": { "type": "keyword" },"rating": { "type": "float" }}}
}'# 添加餐厅数据
curl -X POST "localhost:9200/restaurants/_bulk" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"index":{}}
{"name":"北京烤鸭店","location":{"lat":39.9042,"lon":116.4074},"cuisine":"中餐","rating":4.5}
{"index":{}}
{"name":"上海小笼包","location":{"lat":31.2304,"lon":121.4737},"cuisine":"中餐","rating":4.2}
'# 查找附近的餐厅
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/restaurants/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"must": {"match_all": {}},"filter": {"geo_distance": {"distance": "10km","location": {"lat": 39.9042,"lon": 116.4074}}}}},"sort": [{"_geo_distance": {"location": {"lat": 39.9042,"lon": 116.4074},"order": "asc","unit": "km"}}]
}'

6.2 嵌套文档

# 创建包含嵌套文档的索引
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/blogs" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"mappings": {"properties": {"title": { "type": "text" },"author": { "type": "keyword" },"comments": {"type": "nested","properties": {"user": { "type": "keyword" },"content": { "type": "text" },"date": { "type": "date" }}}}}
}'# 添加博客数据
curl -X POST "localhost:9200/blogs/_doc" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"title": "Elasticsearch入门","author": "张三","comments": [{"user": "李四","content": "很好的教程","date": "2024-04-01"},{"user": "王五","content": "期待更多内容","date": "2024-04-02"}]
}'# 嵌套文档查询
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/blogs/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"nested": {"path": "comments","query": {"bool": {"must": [{ "match": { "comments.user": "李四" }},{ "match": { "comments.content": "教程" }}]}}}}
}'

6.3 脚本查询

# 使用脚本进行评分
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/products/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"function_score": {"query": {"match": { "name": "手机" }},"functions": [{"script_score": {"script": {"source": "doc[\"price\"].value < 2000 ? 2 : 1"}}}]}}
}'# 使用脚本进行字段计算
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/products/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"script_fields": {"discount_price": {"script": {"source": "doc[\"price\"].value * 0.8"}}}
}'

7. 实际业务场景示例

7.1 新闻推荐系统

# 创建新闻索引
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/news" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"mappings": {"properties": {"title": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" },"content": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" },"category": { "type": "keyword" },"tags": { "type": "keyword" },"publish_time": { "type": "date" },"views": { "type": "long" },"likes": { "type": "long" },"user_interests": { "type": "keyword" }}}
}'# 个性化新闻推荐
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/news/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"function_score": {"query": {"bool": {"should": [{ "match": { "category": "科技" }},{ "terms": { "tags": ["人工智能", "大数据"] }}]}},"functions": [{"field_value_factor": {"field": "views","factor": 0.1,"modifier": "log1p"}},{"field_value_factor": {"field": "likes","factor": 0.2,"modifier": "log1p"}}],"boost_mode": "sum"}},"sort": [{ "_score": "desc" },{ "publish_time": "desc" }]
}'

7.2 电商商品搜索优化

# 商品搜索优化
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/products/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"multi_match": {"query": "智能手机","fields": ["name^3","description^2","brand","category"],"type": "best_fields","tie_breaker": 0.3}},"rescore": {"window_size": 10,"query": {"rescore_query": {"function_score": {"query": { "match_all": {} },"functions": [{"field_value_factor": {"field": "sales","factor": 0.1,"modifier": "log1p"}},{"field_value_factor": {"field": "rating","factor": 0.2}}],"boost_mode": "sum"}}}},"aggs": {"price_ranges": {"range": {"field": "price","ranges": [{ "to": 1000 },{ "from": 1000, "to": 3000 },{ "from": 3000 }]}},"brands": {"terms": {"field": "brand","size": 10}}}
}'

7.3 日志监控系统

# 日志监控查询
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/logs-*/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"must": [{ "match": { "level": "ERROR" }},{ "range": { "@timestamp": { "gte": "now-1h" }}}]}},"aggs": {"error_trend": {"date_histogram": {"field": "@timestamp","calendar_interval": "5m"},"aggs": {"error_count": {"value_count": {"field": "level"}}}},"top_errors": {"terms": {"field": "message.keyword","size": 10}},"services": {"terms": {"field": "service.keyword","size": 5},"aggs": {"error_rate": {"avg": {"script": {"source": "doc[\"level\"].value == \"ERROR\" ? 1 : 0"}}}}}}
}'

8. 性能优化示例

8.1 索引优化

# 优化索引设置
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/my_index/_settings" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"index": {"refresh_interval": "30s","number_of_replicas": 1,"max_result_window": 10000,"blocks": {"read_only_allow_delete": false},"merge": {"scheduler": {"max_thread_count": 1}}}
}'# 优化分片设置
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/my_index/_settings" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"index.routing.allocation.total_shards_per_node": 3,"index.unassigned.node_left.delayed_timeout": "5m"
}'

8.2 查询优化

# 使用过滤器缓存
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/my_index/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"query": {"bool": {"filter": [{ "term": { "status": "active" }},{ "range": { "create_time": { "gte": "now-1d" }}}],"must": [{ "match": { "title": "重要" }}]}},"track_total_hits": true,"explain": true
}'# 使用字段折叠
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/products/_search" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"collapse": {"field": "brand.keyword","inner_hits": {"name": "top_products","size": 3,"sort": ["price"]}},"sort": ["_score"]
}'

9. 监控和维护示例

9.1 集群监控

# 检查集群健康
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_cluster/health?pretty"# 检查节点状态
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_nodes/stats?pretty"# 检查索引状态
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_cat/indices?v&h=index,health,status,pri,rep,docs.count,store.size"# 检查分片状态
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_cat/shards?v&h=index,shard,prirep,state,docs,store,node"

9.2 性能监控

# 检查慢查询
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_nodes/hot_threads"# 检查索引性能
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_nodes/stats/indices?pretty"# 检查JVM状态
curl -X GET "localhost:9200/_nodes/stats/jvm?pretty"

9.3 数据维护

# 清理旧索引
curl -X DELETE "localhost:9200/logs-2024-03-*"# 优化索引
curl -X POST "localhost:9200/my_index/_forcemerge?max_num_segments=1"# 更新索引设置
curl -X PUT "localhost:9200/my_index/_settings" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d'
{"index": {"refresh_interval": "1s","number_of_replicas": 2}
}'